Свойство:Ecology
Материал из Поле цифровой дидактики
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A
Acetobacter bacteria can be found in symbiotic relationships with many different plants, such as sugarcane and coffee plants, as well as in fermenting vinegar. Endophytes are prokaryotes that associate with plants by colonizing their internal tissues. Many of these bacteria have been observed to promote plant growth, but the mechanisms behind this relationship are not yet fully understood. Below is a table of places where A. diazotrophicus can be found. +
The strains of Acidilobus aceticus were isolated from the acidic hot springs of the Moutnovski volcano in Kamchatka, Russia. Similar to most other thermoacidophilic isolates, the habitat of the archaeon is terrestrial acidic hot springs. +
Acinetobacters are widely distributed in hospitals, where they pose the danger of transferring resistance to other hospital-inhabiting bacteria. They are found in soil, water, and in living organisms, where they may or may not be pathogenic. Up to 27% of hospital sink traps and 20% of hospital floor swabs have yielded isolates of Acinetobacter. The bacteria has been found to contaminate respirators and hospital air when there are colonized patients present, as well as nearby bed blankets and bed curtains. Currently studies are being performed on methods for hospital air purification in order to lower the prevalence of these pathogens among compromised patients. +
It is commonly accepted that cyanobacteria played a key role in the manufacturing of oxygen during the Precambrian period of earth's history. They perform oxygenic photosynthesis, very similar to that of eukaryotic plants and algae, by utilizing water as a reductant source, consequently producing molecular oxygen. Heterocysts, mentioned above, are terminally differentiated cells that specialize in nitrogen fixation. It is believed that the capacity for developing heterocysts first developed when the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere (largely produced by cyanobacteria) reached levels high enough to cause the inactivation of the nitrogen-fixing enzyme nitrogenase. +
B
Babesia is a group of parasites which are transmitted from host to host through an intermediate tick host. Most Babesia species are host-specific, so Babesia bovis is found on cattle farms and ranches, Babesia canis is prevalent in kennels and dog-breeding facilities, etc. Distribution is worldwide, although in some malaria-endemic countries it may be misdiagnosed, as the symptoms are often similar. Widespread areas in Africa, South and Central America, the United States, and Australia are under threat of Babesia bovis. Areas with a large number of tick-prone animals are constantly at risk for the parasite. +
Diatoms live in a variety of environments, from salt to fresh water (they are even found in moist soil and mosses), a and a wide range of pH levels, temperatures and organic pollution. This variety of living conditions can help tell pollution or other ecological levels of the water. They also vary in their lifestyle, living singly or in a colony.They do not always float freely in the water, they will attach themselves to a rock or another animal in the water. Diatoms may just seem like they are just part of the plankton that feed that fish and animals. But they are huge contributor to the oxygen that is put in to the water and the carbon. It is estimated that 40%, 50 billion to 55 billion tons, of all organic carbon fixation on the planet (transformation of carbon dioxide and water into sugars, using light energy) is carried out by diatoms. This is comparable to all of the world's tropical rainforests. +
While Bifidobacterium infantis, B. brevi, and B. longum are the largest group of bacteria in the intestine of infants, Bifidobacteria are said to be only the 3rd or 4th largest group in adults (and comprise only 3-6% of adult fecal flora). The number of Bifidobacteria actually decline in the human body with age. In infants who are breast-fed, Bifidobacteria constitute about 90% of their intestinal bacteria; however, this number is lower in bottle-fed infants. When breast-fed infants' diets are changed to cows milk and solid food, Bifidobacteria are joined by rising numbers of other bacteria found in the human body such as Bacteroides and Streptococci lactobacilli. The lower number of Bifidobacteria in formula-fed babies might account for a higher risk of diarrhea and allergies that is usually associated with babies who aren't breast-fed; in addition, because Bifidobacteria produces lactic acid instead of gas (like E. coli), infants and people in general with more Bifidobacteria than other bacteria will have less gas and digestive problems. There is also a significant difference in the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the children receiving probiotic-supplemented (inriched with Bifidobacterium) formula (16%) than nonsupplemented formula (31%). +
M
M. luteus has been isolated from human skin, animal and dairy products, and beer. It can be found in many other places in the environment, as well, like water, dust, and soil. M. luteus on human skin breaks down compounds in sweat into compounds with bad odor. M. luteus can grow well in environments with little water or high salt concentrations. M. varians is the second most frequently isolated species of micrococcus after Micrococcus luteus +
It is thought that the more well-known infectious agents such as M. tuberculosis and M. leprae are evolved from a soil bacterium. More specifically, M. tuberculosis arose from a soil bacterium that evolved to infect cows, and then made the jump to humans about the time of animal domestication about 10,000 years ago. M. tuberculosis and M. leprae both grow remarkably slow for bacteria. M. tuberculosis doubles its population every 18-24 hours, while M. leprae doubles its population about every 14 days. This extremely long generation time probably contributes to the chronic nature of both diseases. +
S
Streptomycetes are found worldwide in soil, and are largely responsible, through the secretion of chemicals called geosmens, for the earthy smell of soil. streptomycetes consequently play an important role in the degradation of organic matter, most commonly noted in compost piles.
Several species of Streptomyces are involved in a symbiotic relationship with species of ants in the genus Attini. Attine ants cultivate fungus in, what are termed fungal gardens. They perform all the motions of human farmers, weeding, and nurturing their gardens. The small bacterium in the streptomyces genus inhabits the cuticles of the ants, and aids in weeding their fungal gardens. Streptomycetes produce toxins that keep the main weed in ant fungal gardens, another fungi, Escovopsis, at bay. +
