3D Wireframes

This article describes the creation of a 3D wireframe model. It is advisable to review Trigonometry before reading this article. An example of this, with a complex model, can be found here.

Theory

This simulation depends on the simple principal of projection of points. When you have some points in a space, joined by lines, their projection forms a 3D wireframe image. Moreover, the projection can simply be considered the X and Y positions of the points, since projecting a point is equivalent to equalizing the Z coordinate. In other words, if a point has coordinates (X,Y,Z) we can project its image as (X,Y) on the screen.

To represent points, we will use three lists, representing X, Y, and Z positions, respectively, so the coordinates of point N are (X[N], Y[N], Z[N]). The order of points describes the path of the "wire". To draw the wireframe, we move sprite through all the projected positions with the pen down, such that the trail will be the projection of the model.

Implementation of Static Models

To implement a static model, we use this script:

when gf clicked
forever
	erase all // clear screen
	pen up // stop drawing
	set [n v] to (0) // iterator
	repeat (length of [X v]) // for all coordinates
	change [n v] by (1) // iterate
		go to x: (item (n) of [X v]) y: (item (n) of [Y v]) // trace projection
		pen down // put the pen down
	end
end

Generating Models

Generating models is really hard by hand-editing the lists. A much easier way to generate these lists is via visual editing with programs like Blender. Python scripts can be created to reference Blender models and write them to text files, which can then be imported into Scratch. Alternatively, simple Scratch programs to generate random test models are also easy to build. For example, we can make a simple program to follow mouse trails and constantly add these to the coordinate lists with a constant z axis.

It may also be possible to create a project that can convert an exported modeler Wavefront file into project-readable format.

Implementing Rotation

Implementing rotation is much harder. We need to update the entire list of coordinates with new, displaced positions in every cycle. This is time-consuming, so the end result may run extremely slowly. A good way to avoid it is by using Turbo Mode, or, even more ambitiously, by making the script Single Frame.

Firstly, we can without loss of generality implement rotation in one axis, and then modify it for the others. This tutorial implements rotation in the up-down (Y) axis, implementation of the rest is left to the reader. Next, we can implement rotation for just one point, and by rotating all points around a fixed axis (Y axis through 0,0,0) we can rotate the entire model. So, the problem can be reduced to rotating a point at X,Y n degrees about 0,0.

The rotation is implemented via trigonometry. We note the angle between the X axis and the line from the point to the origin, and add n. Finally, we use that and the knowledge of the distance between the point and origin (remember, this remains constant) to plot the new location. To find the original angle, we use the arctan function. Letting that angle be a, Шаблон:Equation So, the total angle rotated is Шаблон:Equation. Finally, the new X and Y positions can be found with the formulae Шаблон:Equation and Шаблон:Equation where d is the distance between the point one origin. We find d by the Pythagoras Theorem: Шаблон:Equation.

Having found the new X and Y, we can now replace the coordinates of the point with the rotated coordinates.