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Название	Авторы	Резюме
Combining technology and entrepreneurial education through design thinking: Students' reflections on the learning process	Matthew Patrick James Lynch; Uladzimir Kamovich; Kjersti Kjos Longva; Martin Steinert	Abstract There has been a growing call to educate scientists and engineers in entrepreneurship. However, how entrepreneurship should be taught to these students is a question that scholars and practitioners are still intrigued with. Design thinking has been put forward as a pedagogy that could be particularly suitable when introducing entrepreneurship to science and engineering students. Empirical evidence to support this claim are scarce. This study therefore seeks to enhance our understanding of this issue through an exploratory case study of students' reflections during and after participation in a course that uses design thinking to teach entrepreneurial skills through a technologically challenging case. The findings indicate that the course constituted a major challenge for the students, but also an opportunity for developing both tangential skills and knowledge about the commercialization of technology. Further, there is evidence of transformational learning as students began to apply design thinking in real-life beyond the context of the course.
Learning from and designing after pandemics. CEASE: A design thinking approach to maintaining food consumer behaviour and achieving zero waste	Sonia Massari; Ludovica Principato; Marta Antonelli; Carlo Alberto Pratesi	Abstract Design/methodology/approach Food waste among consumers remains a great scourge affecting our world today. Scientific data and numerous reports show that food waste is a growing trend that has an impact on all stages of the agri-food chain. Recent studies provide valuable insights into how the Covid-19 pandemic has influenced consumer food habits, routines and wasteful behaviour at household level, appearing to show that increases in food waste ceased during lockdown. The authors propose Design Thinking (DT) not simply as a problem-solving approach but as a creative methodology by which the virtuous practices acquired by individuals to avoid food waste during lockdown might be maintained. This article supports the thesis that by applying DT it is possible to devise awareness-raising solutions aimed at encouraging the final consumer to maintain the good food management practices acquired during lockdown, in the long term. To support this hypothesis, two promising pre-pandemic awareness-raising campaigns put forward by design thinkers and practitioners to reduce food waste at consumer level will be discussed. Both initiatives confirm that the degree of awareness, understanding and assimilation of the ethical attitudes related to food waste can lead to long-term behavioural changes, bringing about a transition to desirable, feasible, viable, sustainable and responsible behaviour. Purpose Food waste has been acknowledged as one of the main issues undermining the sustainability of our world, which is why its reduction has been included among the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN's 2030 Agenda. Furthermore, some studies have begun to link the concepts of food waste and food security with sustainable food consumption, suggesting that if individuals reduce their food waste, they can improve their food habits, health and that of the community while contributing to the achievement of several SDGs. However, to date few studies have foregrounded the existence of a concrete connection between food waste initiatives and consumer awareness, and few scholarly articles have focused on design thinking and waste, including food waste during the pandemic, a gap which the present article seeks to fill. Findings The results should inform an improved understanding of how empathy and creativity, two of the main determinants of the design thinking approach, can be used to promote and maintain sustainable food behaviours and ultimately reduce food waste among consumers by designing new food experiences. The CEASE (Communities, Engagement, Actions, Shareability, Ecosystems) design thinking model is proposed to maintaining food consumer behaviour and achieving zero waste. Originality/value This study has a very original and multi-disciplinary approach. Indeed, in order to reduce food waste, if uses a design thinking approach, for the first time in literature, to enhance the engagement of individuals in fighting food waste.
Performance task assessment supported by the design thinking process: Results from a true experimental research	Eduard M. Albay; Delia V. Eisma	Abstract Providing students with a responsive classroom and relevant learning activities are vital in developing among them the 21st century skills and competences. Because schools are viewed as a compulsory place to hone these, undergraduate students must be provided with tasks and assessment that equip them with skills to facilitate a 21st century classroom. This posttest-only true experimental research study was conducted to analyze the performance of the respondents in a performance task assessment as supported by the principles of the design thinking process. Particularly, it examined and compared the performances of the experimental group and the control group in demonstration teaching. The results showed that the experimental group posted remarkably higher mean scores in the performance task and they significantly outperformed the control group. The study concluded that the implementation of the design thinking process can facilitate teachers in creating a creative, interactive, engaging and learner-centered classroom.
“One hundred and ninety-four got licensed by Monday”: Application of design thinking for foster care innovation and transformation in Rhode Island	Johanna K.P. Greeson; John R. Gyourko; Andrew J. Ortiz; Durell Coleman; Sixto Cancel	Abstract The American child welfare system is in crisis. Given its history, the beleaguered state of the system evokes little surprise. There is an urgent need for new and creative approaches to problem-solving and transformation in child welfare. Design Thinking, a change management framework that prioritizes deep empathy for end user needs is one such approach, holding promise for helping child welfare systems transform to meet the challenges of the 21st century. Like many states, Rhode Island has long struggled to effectively recruit, license, and retain an adequate pool of resource families. From 2012 to 2017, Rhode Island saw a 12 % drop in statewide resource home capacity, measured as the number of beds available in licensed non-relative foster family homes. Over the same five-year period, the total number of children in Rhode Island’s foster care system increased by 7 %. This growing discrepancy between placement demand versus available placement resources in the state led to a serious over-reliance on congregate care placements. We utilize a single descriptive case study framework to explore the application of Design Thinking processes to improve foster parent recruitment and licensing in Rhode Island. We interviewed three respondents who worked on the redesign of Rhode Island’s foster parent recruitment and licensing processes. Results from the effort suggest that Design Thinking can facilitate child welfare system change and effectively address the “pain points” of the people for whom solutions are designed.
Defining Military Design Thinking: An Extensive, Critical Literature Review	Cara Wrigley; Genevieve Mosely; Michael Mosely	Abstract Military contexts are rapidly changing and are facing unprecedented levels of uncertainty and complexity. The conception and formalization of ‘Military Design Thinking’ has arisen as a potential tool to encounter and address these complex challenges and support innovation at the operational level of war. However, the extant literature lacks extensive investigation into conceptualizations of military design thinking, particularly from the perspective of the design research community. As such, this article reports on a critical literature review in which we derive nine key attributes from the data and present two emergent, novel conceptualizations of the term military design thinking: a pragmatic approach that largely seeks to modify existing military operational art in a minimal manner, and a more reflexive practice that seeks to break free from traditional military modes of thinking and develop innovative approaches to the problems of the contemporary operating environment. This article seeks to clarify military design thinking and contextualize its place in the wider design field by highlighting the pressing need for greater depth and diversity in design research underpinning future conceptualizations of military design thinking.
A neural blockchain for a tokenizable e-Participation model	Francisco Luis Benítez-Martínez; María Visitación Hurtado-Torres; Esteban Romero-Frías	Abstract Currently, Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) and, especially, Blockchain technology represent a great opportunity for public institutions to improve citizen participation and foster democratic innovation. These technologies facilitate the simplification of processes and provide secure management of recorded data, guaranteeing the transmission and public transparency of information. Based on the combination of a Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) platform and G-Cloud solutions, our proposal consists of the design of an e-Participation model that uses a tokenizable system of the actions and processes undertaken by citizens in participatory processes providing incentives to promote greater participation in public affairs. In order to develop a sustainable, scalable and resilient e-Participation system, a new blockchain concept, which organizes the blocks as a neural system, is combined with the implementation of a virtual token to reward participants. Furthermore, this virtual token is deployed through a smart contract that the block itself produces, containing information about the transaction and all the documents involved in the process. Finally, our Neural Distributed Ledger (NDL) framework facilitates the interconnection of blockchain networks in a transparent, certified, secure, auditable, scalable and traceable way.
Design thinking: From products to projects	Aparna Lahiri; Kathryn Cormican; Suzana Cândido de Barros Sampaio	Abstract There are strong motivating factors for increasing user involvement in project management. A persuasive customer focus is lauded to increase levels of innovation, reduce costs, and improve overall quality in projects. However, previous studies suggest that organizations are failing to align customer requirements with project deliverables. We posit that lessons learned from research in design thinking can help bridge this gap. Design thinking is a user focused paradigm that is lauded to frame problems, capture hidden needs, and infuse the voice of the user into processes and systems. However, insufficient empirical research has been conducted in the application of design thinking competencies in project management. There is a dearth of practical guides available to help project managers in this domain. This paper attempts to address this deficit by expanding the discussion on the perception of design thinking competencies in project management. The study analyzes the extant literature and presents preliminary findings from an exploratory study where critical design thinking competencies lauded to facilitate user involvement and customer focus are identified and categorized. Empirical data was collected from 112 project managers to help ascertain which of these competencies are most useful and relevant in practice. It is hoped that the initial results from this study will add value to project managers by enhancing the discussion in a neglected but essential area.
Innovating for sustainability through collaborative innovation contests	Angela Greco; Manon Eikelenboom; Thomas B. Long	Abstract Innovation contests are increasingly used by businesses as an instrument for open innovation to address sustainability related questions. However, according to the open innovation literature, one of the main pitfalls of this approach can be the mismatch between the solutions proposed by non-experts and the companies’ capabilities to implement such solutions. We introduce the concept of collaborative innovation contests – where companies actively collaborate with non-experts – as a way to address this mismatch. Through participant observations, we analyse the process of a sustainability-oriented collaborative innovation contest guided by design-thinking. Our results indicated that the combination of an open innovation contest and design thinking could, through the creation of constant feedback loops, lead to increased collaboration between the contests participants, the companies proposing a challenge, and other relevant stakeholders. However, our results also highlighted trade-offs between the innovativeness of ideas, the alignment of solutions with firm capabilities and the resources needed for collaborative innovation contests. We conclude that, through the involvement of different stakeholders, their ideas and perspectives, collaborative innovation contests are a useful approach to generate a comprehensive understanding of the sustainability challenges companies face.
From end-users to policy designers: Breaking open the black box of energy technocracy in Thailand	Warathida Chaiyapa; Kris Hartley; Daniel del Barrio Alvarez	Abstract Public participation is an increasingly common pathway for democratizing policymaking, but it is often executed in only symbolic and perfunctory ways. To reach its full potential as a method for empowering society in the policymaking process, public participation should foremost be viewed as legitimate by participants. This article empirically examines public participation through three types of legitimacy – representative, process, and influence – that give the exercise democratic effect. The case context, energy policy in northern Thailand as part of the country’s regional energy development plan, is an instructive example of public participation that has been newly introduced into a policy system characterized by top-down centralization. This study documents the degree to which a ‘design thinking’ approach for participatory mechanisms helps produce policy input that reflects the concerns and ambitions of local stakeholders. The findings offer lessons for how legitimacy can be a pathway for public participation to support energy democracy.
Using an empathic design thinking approach to reshape interprofessional curricula for health care trainees	Elgin Cleckley; Bethany Coyne; M. Kathryn Mutter; Beth Quatrara	Abstract Background Interprofessional curricula that targets the needs of all stakeholders is not a standard within interprofessional education (IPE). Incorporating _mpathic design thinking into curricular development calls upon stakeholders to provide insights into the expectations and goals of interprofessional learning and practice. Purpose Design Thinking has been tested in various settings but has not been fully adopted in healthcare and education. This paper will describe how a design thinking process was used to understand gaps between expected IPE competencies, curricular implementation, and interprofessional work. Approach We utilized the first two stages of an _mpathic design thinking approach to explore the essential elements needed within an interprofessional curriculum for nursing and medical students. Outcomes Essential elements included incorporating curricular strategies that enhance relationships, communication, coordination and the physical environment for interprofessional work. Conclusion _mpathic Design Thinking can be readily incorporated into healthcare and education, providing a holistic approach to identifying IPE gaps and understanding stakeholder needs.
A service design perspective on the stakeholder engagement journey during B2B innovation: Challenges and future research agenda	Annouk Lievens; Vera Blažević	Abstract Innovation in business-to-business (B2B) contexts deals with highly dynamic, complex, and heterogeneous constellations of stakeholders with a diversity of goals, motives, and capabilities that further challenge successful management of B2B innovation processes and outcomes. Complex challenges, such as sustainability and digitization trends, push these B2B firms to embrace new innovation methods that help them manage disruptive change. Service design thinking has emerged as an innovation management practice emphasizing a human-centered innovation process of user interactions, creativity, and learning mindsets. In this article, we aim to evaluate the challenges and develop a research agenda on how service design can effectively enable stakeholders' engagement during the B2B innovation process. We argue that to advance service design opportunities for stakeholder engagement, we need to address the unique complexities and challenges of stakeholder engagement during innovation from a systemic and dynamic process perspective. From a systemic perspective, we zoom in on the building blocks of stakeholder engagement and address multi-level stakeholder engagement platforms (i.e., innovation networks). From a dynamic process perspective, we treat stakeholder engagement as an emerging process and zoom in on the temporal and relational connections and hybrid orchestration to allow for both structural and emerging stakeholder engagement during innovation. We develop a stakeholder engagement journey in which we integrate service and innovation stages and propose how service design activities can support and facilitate the aforementioned challenges and complexities. Finally, we identify concrete research questions and, accordingly, develop a research agenda for future research on stakeholder engagement in B2B innovation trajectories.
Patterns of nature: Bio-systemic design thinking in meeting sustainability challenges of an increasingly complex world	Yannis Zavoleas	Abstract This present work weaves a thread between natural patterns and their systemic applications in architecture, urbanism and landscape design. To that end, computational approaches have greatly assisted the study of dynamic parameters describing natural phenomena, and in physical space design as input/output algorithmic operations bringing together data and expertise. Apart from its direct applications, computation signifies a concept about soft data management that was developed well before computers were introduced into practice. An interest in malleable patterns guiding design during late modernism was suggestive of alternative methods responding to socioecological aims. Patterns were no longer rigid geometric references imposed upon a scheme, but ones supporting complexity, mutation and evolution as in a bio-systemic context. These earlier endeavours may set the intellectual framing of recent advancements in computing, promoting architectural thinking as a comprehensive model of cross-scientific action in analogy with nature's synergistic functions.
Design as Generator: Design Education Approach That Combines Participatory Action Research and Design Thinking	Martin Luqman Katoppo; Ruth Euselfvita Oppusunggu; Phebe Valencia; C Lusiana; M Himawan; K Wiradinata	The research paper will discuss a specific design education approach called Design as Generator that combines Participatory Action Research (PAR) and Design Thinking (DT). The approach allows the students to experience designing activities, research and action simultaneously. As a case study to show how this particular design education approach operated the paper will use a practical example from specific design class called Design, Society and Environment. In this class students work collaboratively with various community undertaking actual social problems, researching and producing design which aimed on empowering the community with concrete action. In the end design (education) should become and generate light for others.
Destination design : New perspectives for tourism destination development	Michael Volgger; Greta Erschbamer; Harald Pechlaner	Abstract Theories on destination management, destination leadership and destination governance have made noteworthy contributions to the advancement of tourism research. However, current global dynamics in regards to political, social, technological and economic developments demand a revision of traditional methods and instruments of destination development. This paper suggests perspectives rooted in design and design thinking as a source for gaining fresh understandings of challenges in tourism destinations and for offering innovative solutions. This paper reflects on the possibility of integrating design approaches into the theorising on and practice of destination development. It explores how a transdisciplinary fusion of notions can ultimately result in a new vision for destination development.
Destination Design: A heuristic case study approach to sustainability-oriented innovation	Anna Scuttari; Harald Pechlaner; Greta Erschbamer	Abstract The landscape of research outputs in tourism planning is fragmented and multi-disciplinary. Design as a meta-discipline has the power to integrate sectoral thought and inject creativity, non-linear thought and transdisciplinarity into planning processes, particularly when tackling sustainability challenges. This paper defines Destination Design as a novel framework capable of evolving the concepts of spatial and participatory planning using the design thinking cognitive style to address sustainability paradoxes. The features of Destination Design are explored through the unique case study of sustainability-oriented innovation in the Dolomites UNESCO World Heritage Site. Results show that design thinking can be invaluable for pioneering pro-sustainability initiatives. Further, creative forms of engagement might encourage the acceptance and support of local transformations, but are difficult to implement.
A process for designing innovative mechatronic products	Rogério Atem de Carvalho; Henrique Rego Monteiro da Hora; Rodrigo Martins Fernandes	This article presents a process for the design of innovative mechatronic products that integrates techniques of Design Thinking, Concurrent Engineering and Agilism to Intellectual Property Management activities. Design Thinking is employed in the early stages in order to better explore creativity, whereas Concurrent Engineering and Agilism are applied during the development of the product, in order to deal with emerging requirements and shrinking development times. The product development process is accompanied by Intellectual Property Management activities that address the protection of the project's intellectual assets. In this way, the proposed process represents an addition to theory and practice by smoothly integrating the three most influential product design philosophies of today, while, at the same time, introduces a direction for managing intellectual assets throughout the product lifecycle.
Embodiment User Profiles in Design Interior Students’ Creativity of a Socialpreneur Challenge	Muliawan K; Oppusunggu R; Phebe Valencia; Tanady M; Natania E	An idea of a platform bridging a gap between the urban traditional market traders –who need the help of promotion and marketing imagination- and the urban Millennial as the future customers –who have little interest on traditional marketplaces- resembles in Market Helper Indonesia (MHI). Consequently, after the MHI presentation in the 2019 Indonesia Development Forum by Bappenas, the challenge is turning the idea into a real socialpreneur. Nevertheless it is a mindset changing to provide ready to cook ingredients based on healthy diet recipes from small traders to customers. Since if customers can cook easily, they can practice healthy diets. And if customers keep buying from the traditional market, they help the small economy. Prior to making the idea work, MHI has to find the problem. Accordingly, the writers use the same method of mixed research method from interior design class projects. Yet the Covid-19 Pandemic determines a new situation, almost all interactions should be replaced into online engagements. Nevertheless the online design thinking is as possible, appropriate, and keen as the offline one when technology takes part, research and design unite and give birth to intangible problem solving for a sociopreneur challenge.
Local experiences on Instagram: Social media data as source of evidence for experience design.	Marika Gon	Abstract Local experience is a complex and subjective concept, which has moved from the simple consumption of products (e.g. local products and local activities) to a wide range of social interactions in both the real and digital world (e.g. localhood). In these times of experience economy, destinations will often compete in offering their distinctive local experiences and designing experiences has become crucial in destination management and marketing. To design and deliver local experiences, destinations need to be supported by methodological innovation and updated data sources. Social media can satisfy these requirements, because it contains user-generated content about human experiences. Nevertheless, limited research has been conducted, to date to understand the potential of social media in experience design. The purpose of this paper is to explore how user-generated content can contribute to design thinking. In agreement with the principle that ‘everyone can – and does – design’ this paper investigates local experiences in the social media environment, in which everyone can co-produce information. The paper first reviews the concepts of ‘local’ and ‘local experiences’ in the academic literature and then expands the research into the discussion of social media, investigating secondary data posted by users with #local∗ and #localexperience∗. Instagram is one of the most used platforms in the world and it was selected based on previous research conducted on local experiences. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of what and who is associated to local experiences, suggesting that social media can provide new knowledge by expanding on existing topics and introducing missing dimensions as the basis for a holistic understanding of experiences. Local experiences on Instagram are related to traveling and associated with outdoor activities and local people. The analysis reveals insights into the use of hashtags in Instagram: #localexperience∗ is largely employed by professional accounts to brand tourism activities, contrary to #local∗ which is preferred by the vast majority of users in posting everyday life images. User-generated content is presented as a resource for experience design to enhance destination marketing and management. A method for data mining and content analysis of Instagram textual data (hashtags, comments and user profiles) is presented to foster research and comparison among social media platforms, as a way to address future directions in tourism design management and to develop implications to destination management.
What are Dietitians and Nutritionists doing on social media? A proposal of an online survey	Inga Saboia; Ana Margarida Almeida; Pedro Sousa; Cláudia Pernencar; Rui Silva	Abstract Registered Dietitians and Nutritionists (RDNs) have been taking on a role as communicators on social media. This phenomenon is in line with nutritional culture defending the right way of eating based on their scientific knowledge. It is necessary to understand new dynamics between RDNs and social media users. Under this context an online survey was created to understand how these health professionals carry out their role on social media to promote health issues, to become known, to communicate with their followers and patients. This paper describes the creation process of the online survey to be submitted to RDNs from Portugal using Design Thinking method.
Workshop methodology design: Innovation-oriented participatory processes for sustainability	Giovanna Bertella; Sara Lupini; Cecilia Rossi Romanelli; Xavier Font	Abstract Workshop methodologies based on overarching knowledge structures are necessary for a shift of the tourism sector towards sustainability. We adopted a participatory action research approach and designed a workshop methodology based on the main tenets and tools of the theory of change, design thinking, and sustainable business models. We tested this methodology within a project initiated by a destination management organisation to promote innovation during the covid-19 crisis and used the results to identify improvements and recommendations for future applications. Although further tests are needed, the study proved that the developed methodology has great potential for promoting the systemic change, creativity, collaboration, empathy, and empowerment that are necessary for a sustainability shift.
Innovating product design through university-industry collaboration: Codesigning a bushfire rated skylight	Jeni Paay; Blair Kuys; Simone Taffe	Innovation is important for improving products for long-term business success. However, small-to-medium enterprises don't always have time to innovate. SMEs benefit from university-industry collaborations, where design researchers contribute knowledge and time to help them innovate product design and manufacturing processes. Using codesign to generate innovative design solutions in the collaboration provides engagement and ensures everyone is encouraged to share their viewpoints and expertise. Design thinking adds a communication conduit, encouraging exploration and evaluation of alternative ideas. To illustrate the success of integrating codesign with design thinking in university-industry collaboration, we present a case study of designing an award-winning innovative skylight. The collaborative outcome evidences the value in the partnership by advancing university knowledge and increasing company productivity.
Cycling towards sustainability: The transformative potential of urban design thinking in a sustainable living lab	Julian Alexandrakis	Abstract The recent proliferation of Sustainable Living Labs as experimental arenas within and through which contemporary cities try to tackle today’s sustainability challenges, has led to a systematic integration of user’s consideration in the design and testing of Sustainable Product-Service Systems (S.PSSs). Therefore, it is crucial to co-create with users throughout the whole innovation process of Sustainable Living Labs and to discover user needs and shape S.PSSs according to how they fit into users’ daily life. Yet, it remains understudied how the co-creation knowledge in a multi-stakeholder environment of a Sustainable Living Lab can be facilitated methodically to fully utilize the transformative potential and to accelerate sustainability transition in line with the SDGs. Hence, this paper focuses on the integration of the co-creation method of Urban Design Thinking in a Sustainable Living Lab, its associated knowledge generation and application, and how different stages of Urban Design Thinking contribute to the potential of Sustainable Living Labs to accelerate urban sustainability transitions via S.PSSs. Therefore, the author analyzed empirical data from a series of in-depth interviews and written surveys and was actively involved within a cycling Sustainable Living Lab in Berlin, Germany.
Design Innovation Methodology Handbook – Embedding Design in Organizations	Kristin L. Wood; Carlye Lauff; Wee Yu Hui; Kenneth Teo; Sabrina Png; Amanda Swee; Arriane Collopy; Brandon Vargas	The Design Innovation Methodology handbook represents a contribution to our design journey. This handbook was developed by a number of contributors from the United States and Singapore. Through a co-creation effort and common interests to innovate together, the intent is to make a difference for all persons in our communities and society. Readers are provided with a meaningful and practical guide, reference booklet, and living document in which to engage Design Innovation at the apex of Design Thinking and Systems Thinking, and beyond.; ; We sincerely hope that this guide will inspire and embolden all readers and partners to push the the boundaries of human-centered systems innovation across one's entire portfolio and strategic plan. In doing so, the future will be bright, and we will have an impact beyond anything we can imagine or foresee. We wish you the very best as you embrace your personal Design Innovation journey. To Design Innovation, and Beyond!!
The Effect of STEM Activities Prepared According to the Design Thinking Model on Preschool Children's Creativity and Problem-Solving Skills	Vakkas Yalçin; Şule Erden	Abstract In this study, the effect of preschool STEM education prepared according to the design thinking model on children's creativity and problem-solving skills was examined. An experimental design in which pre-test-post-test and permanence test were applied was used in the research. The research was conducted with 20 children in the experimental group and 19 children in the control group. Design Thinking STEM Activities were completed 3 days a week with 8 weeks and 24 activities. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that there was a significant increase in the experimental group's creativity and problem solving scores and this increase was permanent. On the other hand, creativity and problem solving pre, post and permanence test results of the control group were compared and it was seen that there was no significant difference between these tests. Also, STEM education, which is applied as a result of the data obtained from research diaries, increases communication and interaction skills in children, contributes to peer learning, supports cooperation, increases children's self-confidence, gains a sense of responsibility, encourages problem-solving and idea generation, and improves empathy skills. Suggestions were made in line with the results obtained in the study and the aims of the research.
Intellectual Property Rights and Indigenous Dress Heritage: Towards More Social Planning Types of Practices via User-Centric Approaches	Rosa Maria Ballardini; Heidi Härkönen; Iiris Kestilä	The chapter explores the role of legal design in tackling challenges related to balancing protection and access while applying intellectual property rights to indigenous dress heritage (DH). First, we address the problems with the current mainstream approach to IPR, where the main focus is on economic incentives, while societal values are generally less considered. We then contextualize this discourse within the framework of indigenous DH, focusing on Sami DH. Our analysis shows how moving from a purely economic-centric to a more social-planning type of justification for IPR could help in better reflecting societal values into IP. We argue that a design thinking approach would be important to reach this goal and we elaborate on how legal design could trigger such positive development.
Design Process in the Urban Context - Mobility and Health in Special Flood Hazard Area	Virginia Grace Barros; John Rapaglia; Maiko B. Richter; Jean Fabyano Andrighi	Resume In developing countries, unplanned urban growth, lack of infrastructure services, pollution, diseases, and flooding generate urgent needs. Floods cause diseases and damage to countries at all levels of development because they usually lack the preparedness for current climate variability. In Brazil, Municipal Civil Defense (JMCD) – in a 600,000 inhabitants city-, together with other city agencies, established a safe route (SRP) to be implemented during flood occurrences. This map is available for download as a PDF. This work aims to present the developed methodology, tools, and ways to design, in a collaborative way, a conceptual, innovative system model capable of bringing together needs like resilience, safety and sustainability, contributing to urban resilience, mobility, risks communication and health. Different design processes: design thinking, wayfinding system, signage, norms, and laws were used to create a dynamic conceptual design in the urban development. As a result, visual identity, pictograms icons, totems and luminous panels are presented. Luminous system is projected to be linked to rivers height (measured in hydrological gauging stations) to guide users to safe routes. The information technology which can link water height in rivers, to the different levels of flood in the designed system is not among the objectives of this study. Developing strategies to face the potential effects of climate change in the transportation sector poses a major significant challenge. Proper tools are required to prepare to change and provide meaningful environmental, health, social, and security solutions with the quickness the modern cities demand.
A Design Thinking Approach to the Development of Agile Skills of Digital Economy Professionals	Elena Vasilieva; Aleksey Dorofeev; Anna Badina; Anastasia Konkova; Margarita Zobnina; Alexander Eremin	The digital economy requires a person to have interdisciplinary knowledge and broad competencies in different sectors of the economy, rather than a narrow profile. Innovative competencies and creative abilities, the ability to think outside the box and find alternatives under uncertain conditions, are in demand. This article raises the importance of complementary ICT skills for organizations that are actively adopting digital technologies. Key features of design thinking in solving problems of IT specialists' teamwork skills, creative thinking, and adaptation to change are considered. Design Thinking methodology-based project activities of students are highlighted.
Facilitate design through improv: The qualified eclectic	Marius Freitag Granholt; Malte Martensen	Abstract With the growing popularity of Design Thinking and the widespread use of it in contexts with non-designers, the role of the design facilitator is in increasing demand. This warrants investigation into skills needed and tools available for the facilitator to use when guiding non-designers through design processes. Existing research has highlighted shared practices between Design Thinking and Improvisational Theater (Improv). However, the benefits Improv can provide to design facilitators has not yet been addressed. Through three qualitative studies, the aim of this research is to investigate how practitioners are leveraging or might leverage their Improv experience in their current practice of facilitating design processes. The results of the studies show that design facilitators may use Improv to support them in 1) reading the room, being flexible, having a tolerance for ambiguity/uncertainty, 2) guiding non-designers through design processes through fostering self-learning and 3) extracting design tools out of the principles of Improv. Additionally, the research conceptualizes the role of the design facilitator and highlights success factors for successfully facilitating design.
A novel user-based gesture vocabulary for conceptual design	Tijana Vuletic; Alex H. B. Duffy; Christopher McTeague; Laura Hay; Ross Brisco; Gerard Campbell; Madeleine Grealy	Abstract Research into hand gestures for human computer interaction has been prolific recently, but within it research on hand gestures for conceptual design has either focused on gestures that were defined by the researchers rather than the users, or those that were heavily influenced by what can be achieved using currently available technology. This paper reports on the study performed to identify a user elicited vocabulary of gestures for conceptual design, disassociated from the currently available technology, and its subsequent evaluation. The study included 44 product design engineering students (3rd, 4th year and recent graduates) and identified 1772 gestures that were analysed to build a novel gesture consensus set of vocabulary of hand gestures for conceptual design. This set is then evaluated by 10 other professionals, in order to generalise this set for a wider range of users and possibly reduce the need for training. The evaluation has shown that majority of gestures added to the vocabulary were easy to perform and appropriate for the activities, but that at the implementation stage the vocabulary will require another round of evaluation to account for the technology capabilities. The aim of this work is to create a starting point for a potential future system that could adapt to individual designers and allow them to use non-prescribed gestures that will support rather than inhibit their conceptual design thinking processes, akin to the developments that happened in hand writing recognition or predictive texting.
Critical factors for the realization of sustainable supply chain innovations: model development based on a systematic literature review	Fredrik Nilsson; Malin Göransson	Abstract The challenges of sustainable development require whole supply chains and networks to drive change and innovation. However, most existing research on sustainable innovations is on a company level and the dominating company focus in practice drives “silo” approaches, short-term thinking, and profit maximization. Consequently, there is a need for research and new models that facilitate sustainable supply chain innovations. The purpose of this paper is to identify, categorize, and evaluate the importance of critical factors for the realization of sustainable supply chain innovation, and to contribute with a process model for the development of sustainable supply chain innovation. A systematic literature review and content analysis of relevant sustainable supply chain innovation literature were performed in five steps starting with (1) question formulation followed by (2) locating studies, (3) selection and evaluation, (4) analysis and synthesis, and (5) reporting and using the results. The analysis resulted in 14 main categories of critical factors. Collaboration is by far the most frequently observed main category, followed by strategic orientation, culture, practices, and political context. The paper contributes with a process model for the realization of sustainable supply chain innovation. The process model is based on a design-thinking model for innovation where the critical factors are integrated into different spaces for innovation. In practice, the model could provide managers with the most critical factors for sustainable supply chain innovation, and could provide advice on when and how to manage these factors during the innovation process. The critical factors and the process model proposed could guide further research, enabling such research to adopt more complex approaches to the development of improved guidance, and provide support for the realization of sustainable development.
Exploration of students’ integrative skills developed in the design thinking of a Psychology course	Meng-Fang Tsai	Abstract Design thinking has become one of the most effective forms of instruction for developing competence and skills of people in the 21st century. Instructors have increasingly employed this approach to facilitate the students’ learning effectiveness in an educational setting. Little research has been conducted on the examination of the complexity of integrative development, from the different aspect of skills facilitated by design thinking in Psychology courses. The study was conducted in two stages and had two aims. The first aim was to develop a Questionnaire on Learning Experiences in Design Thinking (QLEDT), and the second was to propose an integrative development framework for design thinking. A total of 105 students from two courses participated in the study. The quantitative results demonstrated that the interactive collaboration and integrative learning experience, including creativity, problem-solving, life-problem discovery, participation, and course content application, had a positive experience on the students. The qualitative results supported the findings of the questionnaire, and an integrative development framework of design thinking was proposed. Design thinking can stimulate the students’ competence in higher-order thinking skills, interactive collaboration, their characteristics (i.e., empathy, personality, self-confidence, self-worth), and their learning strategies.
Capacity development strategy empowering the decentralized governments of Ecuador towards local climate action	Dorothee Baum; José Luis Yagüe-Blanco; Julio Escobar	Abstract The impacts of climate change are predicted to negatively impair the improvements made towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), especially in developing countries. Uncertainty on specific actions and strategies remains, leading to a research-implementation gap. For Ecuador, one of the key challenges to local adaptation are the institutional capacities of the decentralized autonomous governments (GAD, Spanish acronym). Therefore, the objective of this study is firstly to apply a capacity development strategy developed by GIZ (2013a) in the context of limited knowledge and resources and secondly gain a deeper understanding of climate action in Ecuador on a provincial level. The case study is based on an experimental participatory workshop in the coastal province of Santa Elena, Ecuador. The applied methodology has three components: firstly, semi-structured expert interviews on climate action in Ecuador; secondly, the participatory workshops with technicians and employees of the provincial government, its analysis together with a pre-, post- and two-months-after the workshop follow-up survey; thirdly, the analysis of the workshop is complemented by a peer validation of the co-facilitators. The analysis of the workshop suggests that in a context of limited institutional capacity, an understanding of climate change terminology, vulnerability and adaptive capacity is crucial to interpret predictions and to motivate action. Additionally, results indicate that pairing the content of the seminar with elements of project management might also strengthen local planning and longevity of rural development measures. Overall, the methodology of GIZ might therefore not be suitable in the local context due to its fast pace and difficult terminology. A more promising approach to foster local climate action is the Design-Thinking (DT) methodology due to its easier accessibility. Based on the insights of the case study a capacity development strategy incorporating DT offers lessons learnt for practitioners aiming to promote local climate action in comparable institutional contexts of limited knowledge and resources. As limited knowledge and resources are often main barriers to climate action, developing capacity building strategies will in turn foster climate action.
Knowledge interoperability and re-use in Empathy Mapping: an ontological approach	Salvatore F. Pileggi	Abstract Design Thinking is a human-centered approach extensively used across different domains that aims at problem solving, value creation for stakeholders and innovation by fostering creativity. The most characterising and critical step along the Design Thinking process is the empathy phase, in which stakeholder analysis is performed by looking at a given scenario from the perspective of different stakeholders. Such a methodology enables a systematic information gathering and organization that results in a deep understanding of actual problems, needs and expectations from the target stakeholders. The uniqueness of problems and the need for situation-specific data makes knowledge re-use not always practical, even within the most consolidated and experienced environments. In this paper we propose an ontological support to empathy mapping that aims to (i) establish an interoperable fine-grained data layer among the different data collected throughout the empathy mapping process, (ii) enable multi-scenario analysis underpinned by formal specifications and (iii) further empower the process through semantic enrichment and integration of insight from multiple sources and contexts. We believe this is the first step to design and properly integrate effective computational and AI-based functionalities along the creative design thinking process, as well as to enable in practice richer and more sophisticated approaches (e.g. through social networks).
Design is cool, but … A critical appraisal of design thinking in management education	Marina Dantas de Figueiredo	Abstract The adoption of design thinking (DT) as content or methodology for management education has increased. Despite the recognizable potentials of it, this paper argues the need to explain the nature of DT as a distinctive approach and aims to elaborate on a critical appraisal of DT in management education. In order to accomplish it, specific objectives are pursued: (1) to contrast the understanding of design (erly) thinking in the academic field of design with an understanding of DT within management, and (2) to understand the fundamental arguments for the approximation between design and management education, the antecedents of this movement and the ontological and epistemological implications of it in the research and professional training in the scope of management. Finally, the text recapitulates the possibilities opened up by the critical appraisal of DT and indicates the need to advance the discussions on the integration between theory and practice in management education.
Family-centered empowerment for perioperative stress and pain management – using novel design thinking approaches	Vidya Chidambaran; Victor F. Garcia; Rebecca L. Brown; Peter Sturm; Sarah S. Williams; Craig Vogel	Spine fusion (scoliosis) and Nuss procedure (pectus) are among the most painful surgeries healthy adolescents undergo. Pain experience depends on family interactions and preexisting psychosocial factors. Thus, focusing on perioperative pain protocols is not sufficient to optimize pain experience. We applied design thinking approaches in conjunction with Livewell Collaborative to design family-centered empowerment tools focused on personalized, interactive pain management solutions. The design thinking modality employed was based on Vogel and Cagan's 4-phase integrated new product development process. The project was conducted in 2 stages each over 24 weeks. Both stages consisted of design research (focus groups with all key stakeholders to define the problem and processes from a patient perspective and identify opportunities), concept ideation (benchmarking and co-creation of new solutions) and concept refinement phases. During 1st stage, we identified 5 opportunities (key drivers), positive and negative influencers of pain experiences and visual tools used to map anxiety peaks. Using a non-weighting matrix, current tools were evaluated, 4 parent-child engagement dynamic spectrums and solution themes identified – empowering, road map, clear/consistent communications, technology based AIM system and vision of Hero's journey. During the second stage, patient and parent personas were identified via thematic analyses. Existing stress management tools (sensorial, thinking, relaxation, activity) were evaluated, and an interactive tool kit was built (including binder, booklet, card set and interactive site) to empower patients and caregivers with the flexibility to find the right tools suiting their needs. Interactive tools/video were co-created with Generation Z's perspectives. Our findings are driving the implementation of solutions tailored to family units to address key periods of increased stress. Changes implemented/ready to test include preoperative psychologic screening within surgical workflows and addressing anxiety, an app for medication management, empowerment binder, booklet, card set and Hero's journey storyboarding using videos.
The case for a design-led, end-user focused airport noise management process	Graeme Heyes; Paul Hooper; Fiona Raje; Jack Sheppard	Abstract Designing and implementing noise management actions is complex, with research showing that airports tend to develop such actions in an inconsistent manner, rather than through robust processes based on a rich evidence base, and that aim to deliver targeted outcomes, through evaluable interventions. This article presents some key airport noise management challenges, and proposes that a framework to guide noise managers in the development of management actions may enhance their capacity to respond to noise management challenges. The paper presents the concept of Design Thinking, a popular user-centric and iterative problem-solving approach. We argue that Design Thinking can play a key role in guiding noise managers through a series of propositions that lay the ground for future research to provide airports with the best possible guidance with which to develop – and implement – effective noise management actions.
A tool for collaborative circular proposition design	Phil Brown; Brian Baldassarre; Jan Konietzko; Nancy Bocken; Ruud Balkenende	Circular oriented innovation aims to address sustainability problems such as resource scarcity, pollution and climate change by (re)designing industrial products, processes, business models, and value network configurations. Although the literature identifies collaboration as crucial for circular oriented innovation—due to the complexity, risk and uncertainties involved—few tools have been developed to support it. To address this gap, we develop and test a tool that helps companies ideate to identify partners and value within circular oriented innovation. The tool integrates decision-making principles from the entrepreneurship theory of effectuation within a design thinking approach to stimulate collaborative ideation of circular propositions. We demonstrate and test the tool through six workshops, and collect data via observations, field-notes, assessment forms and user discussions. Our results show that: 1) users are receptive to visualisation and effectuation-based questions to collaboratively ideate circular propositions; 2) expert facilitation helps to maintain a circularity focus to avoid ‘business-as-usual’ ideas; and 3) differences in the maturity and scope of projects may influence the usefulness of the tool. We contribute to theory by demonstrating the integration of effectuation, design thinking, and lean experimentation approaches into a tool to advance circular oriented innovation. We contribute to practice with the tool itself that supports early and quick ideation to identify partners and perceived value. This supports companies to collaborate and advance the design of circular propositions that bring circular business model ideas closer to implementation.
Sustainable business modeling: The need for innovative design thinking	Jiantong He; Jaime Ortiz	Abstract Innovation within the development of sustainable business models has become a hot topic but it is affected by a high failure rate due to a lack of reliable and efficient methods. This paper focuses explicitly on the importance of using bespoke methods in the process of designing sustainable and innovative business models to face an even more uncertain business climate. It revisits the concept of sustainable business models, sustainable business model innovation and design thinking, through a synthesis of the literature. Subsequently, this paper presents a design framework consisting of portrayal, exploration, prototype, and evaluation. Using the Tuotuo Community as a case study, our research results demonstrate the need for the application of design thinking to sustainable business model innovation. However, one single case study is not enough to uncover all the problems related to sustainable business model innovation. Consequently, this paper advises on the specific characteristics of design thinking implementation and presents key practical points for business survival.
When the Minority Rules: Leveraging Difference While Facilitating Congruence for Cultural Minority Senior Leaders	Jesse E. Olsen; Peter Gahan; Mladen Adamovic; Daejeong Choi; Bill Harley; Joshua Healy; Max Theilacker	Abstract The inclusion of cultural minorities as senior leaders is of growing importance and relevance to contemporary organizations with increasingly international composition, but much is to be learned about how and when such leaders impact the workplaces they lead. We draw on the “cultural difference” and “cultural congruence” propositions (Dorfman and House, 2004) to build a model for understanding whether and under what conditions cultural minority senior leaders have an impact on the elaboration of task-relevant information and relationship conflict in their workplaces. Hierarchical regression results from a study of 315 Australian workplaces and their senior leaders suggest that, regardless of whether the senior leader is a member of a cultural minority group, an organizational climate for innovation and flexibility increases information elaboration – an effect that is stronger when the organization faces greater environmental turbulence. The results further provide support for a three-way interaction effect, whereby employees in workplaces led by a cultural minority leader have less relationship conflict when climate for innovation and environmental turbulence are both low. We conclude with a discussion of the scholarly contributions and practical implications of our conceptual and empirical work, the limitations of our study, and future directions for this research.
Fashion Technology : What Are the Limits of Emerging Technological Design Thinking?	Pertti Saariluoma; Hanna-Kaisa Alanen; Rebekah Rousi	Designing intelligent technologies is a multidisciplinary process. From this perspective, fashion has continued to be an under explored dimension of technology design. While there persistently are connections between the term fashion and the clothing design industry, an historical and sociological approach to fashion reveals a much deeper and permeating understanding of the notion and its implications across the technological world. During recent popular developments, the interrelationship between fashion as a concept and technology as components and proponents of fashion – technology as fashion promoter (think of Tiktok, Instagram, Facebook and even LinkedIn for example), and technology as fashion constituent, come to light. To stand back from social media and examine not only technology branding and culture building as seen in Apple and Google for instance, but also user interface design, system logic and algorithms as constituents of fashion, a more profound comprehension of the interplay between culture, technology, emotions and cognition may be developed. This paper seeks to lay the grounding of a semiotic, social-experiential understanding of fashion as technology. It draws on recent technological examples, which are then enriched with theory from fashion research and cognition and provides insight for how fashion thinking can enrich the design of intelligent technology.
Legitimizing a Practice across Fields: Microprocesses of Theorization of Design Thinking	Harsh Kumar Jha; Dimitry Jacob
Mobile app-aided design thinking approach to promote upcycling in Singapore	Xin Shan; Vienna Zhi Yu Neo; En-Hua Yang	Abstract The yearly amount of waste getting disposed of in Singapore is rising, which poses a waste management issue to be tackled and overcome. The practice of upcycling increases the value of objects and materials and hence, can divert these materials from landfills. This study investigated individuals' and businesses' motivation, interest and participation in upcycling in Singapore. Firstly an overview of the relatively nascent upcycling studies was conducted. The design thinking approach was then employed, which helped to uncover stakeholders’ needs and frustrations. Through the implementation of the design thinking approach, this study chose and prototyped a mobile app-aided waste marketplace platform that aimed to reduce the barriers of upcycling by aggregating the materials available in the market and crowdsourcing upcycling know-how. Generally, the results found from the user testing of the platform were positive and encouraging. Feedbacks from individuals showed that the platform can help to improve key factors including raising the awareness of the upcycling issues, and also enable such practices by providing better usability and promoting the upcycling culture. Evaluations from business also corroborate these aspects. The results indicated the potential feasibility and impact of such a solution to promote upcycling in Singapore.
Framing the multifaceted nature of design thinking in addressing different innovation purposes	Stefano Magistretti; Mattia Bianchi; Giulia Calabretta; Marina Candi; Claudio Dell’Era; Ileana Stigliani; Roberto Verganti
Young children’s design thinking skills in makerspaces	Maria Hatzigianni; Michael Stevenson; Garry Falloon; Matt Bower; Anne Forbes	Abstract The maker movement, expansion of makerspaces in schools and design activities utilising 3D apps and 3D printing technologies, allow educators to foster creativity through play and experimentation. However, little research exists to inform practice in makerspaces, particularly with young children, under eight years of age. This study adopted constructivist-referred methodology and examined how thirty-four children from Kindergarten to Grade 2 classrooms (5–8 year olds, three classrooms) designed and printed 3D objects using tablet devices, 3D printers, physical materials and IDEO’s five-stage design thinking model. Primary data comprised video screen recordings from separate episodes of pairs of children working together. Across the 16 h of analysed video, different manifestations of design thinking were observed. A range of makerspaces activities invoked creative, critical thinking, problem solving and decision-making skills, aligning with the IDEO design process. This study opens a powerful new door to rich learning potential for young children engaging in maker activities, and paves the way for teachers of young children to explore innovative approaches such as a design thinking, in their everyday practice.
Enlightening the dynamic capabilities of design thinking in fostering digital transformation	Stefano Magistretti; Cristina Tu Anh Pham; Claudio Dell'Era	Abstract Digital transformation describes the deep-seated changes in organizational activities, processes, and capabilities induced by the advent of digital technologies. Digital transformation requires sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring the digital technological challenges into opportunities. Academic literature acknowledges the central role of design as a driver of innovation. Furthermore, recent research discloses the value that design, especially design thinking, can have in leading digital transformations. In this understanding, design thinking has been proven to be an approach based on dynamic capabilities. What seems to lack in the current understanding is how the dynamic capabilities of design thinking can facilitate digital transformation. Thus, the paper aims to shed light on how dynamic capabilities of design thinking foster discovering the opportunities digital technologies provide to enact the transformation. This paper investigates four different cases of consulting projects where the adoption of design thinking dynamic capabilities enhance the value of digital technologies towards a more human centric digital transformation. By being a business-to-business market, the consulting environment might inform readers how design thinking dynamic capabilities are salient for digital transformation. Examining them, the paper proposes five design thinking dynamic capabilities that managers should cultivate: extending, debating, cropping, interpreting, and recombining. Concerning academic debate, the paper enriches the understanding of digital transformation by unshadowing the value that design thinking dynamic capabilities might play in it.
Articulate Design Thinking for Sustainable Airport Environment: A Case Study of Singapore Changi Airport T3	Ducksu Seo	Abstract Binary thinking to create cities and buildings have been the critical destructive force against nature since they have been dominated by the highest concentration of human activity. Particularly, airport construction has a negative influence on it with pressure regarding the aviation industry’s environmental impact. It is, therefore, definitely crucial to convert binary thinking to articulate thinking for environmentally friendly airport design and the ultimate goal of carbon neutrality. This study aims to find significant implications for sustainable airport design from the critical review of Changi Airport T3. This envisions an articulated design approach by creating the inner spaces to integrate with the groundside landscape, building performance, and green technologies. There are interesting design factors of multidisciplinary thinking in Changi Airport T3. The one is horizontal integration by the green continuation from the exterior nature of the airport groundside to inside the terminal through a series of large transparent surfaces of the building. The interaction is able to positively influence the creation of a new culture and place perception such as an interior park. The other is vertical integration in that the terminal\x92s giant green walls and other vegetation communities integrate natural performance and system into the building. The hybrid interior landscape of T3 is enabled by integrating landscape and technologies. The idea of a massive vertical garden is able to be efficiently installed and operated thanks to double-layer cables support system and unique roof concept enabling natural skylight penetration. Thus, the interior landscaping presents a significant and innovative design approach to mingle nature with the building and technology. Building performance is enhanced by the synthetic feedback mechanisms between building, landscape, and technology. As a cyborg concept perceives a synthetic feedback dynamic through systematic integration of mechanical parts and the human body’s natural mechanisms, the cyborg interior concept and design for thorough bio-integration should be further developed with integrative thinking and multidisciplinary approaches to transcend dichotomous thinking. Architects, landscape architects, and technical engineers can create new frontiers of hybrid design and culture for an environmentally friendly airport.
Destination image analytics for tourism design: An approach through Airbnb reviews	Lidija Lalicic; Estela Marine-Roig; Berta Ferrer-Rosell; Eva Martin-Fuentes	Abstract This study embraces destination image analytics, design thinking and peer-to-peer accommodation services. The paper aims to support marketers in rethinking the way they design destination experiences and marketing strategies by synergising with contemporary trends in the peer-to-peer accommodation sector and help integrate them into destination marketing systems. Thus, a holistic process is developed to reveal how destination image is constructed that applies compositional data analysis on almost one million Airbnb reviews from four Spanish urban destinations on a temporal basis (two consecutive periods). The designative aspect of image distinguishes the destinations, and temporal image trends are observed. These insights allow marketers to re-formulate and design marketing and experience strategies that align with the needs and experiences of contemporary tourists.
Design Thinking for Visually Impaired Individuals: A System Review of the Solutions and Future Directions	Ubaida Qaiser; Maria Khan; Adeel Tariq
More than experience? - On the unique opportunities of virtual reality to afford a holistic experiential learning cycle	Jennifer Fromm; Jaziar Radianti; Charlotte Wehking; Stefan Stieglitz; Tim A. Majchrzak; Jan vom Brocke	Abstract Virtual reality has been proposed as a promising technology for higher education since the combination of immersive and interactive features enables experiential learning. However, previous studies did not distinguish between the different learning modes of the four-stage experiential learning cycle (i.e., concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation). With our study, we contribute a deeper understanding of how the unique opportunities of virtual reality can afford each of the four experiential learning modes. We conducted three design thinking workshops with interdisciplinary teams of students and lecturers. These workshops resulted in three low-fidelity virtual reality prototypes which were evaluated and refined in three student focus groups. Based on these results, we identify design elements for virtual reality applications that afford an holistic experiential learning process in higher education. We discuss the implications of our results for the selection, design, and use of educational virtual reality applications.
Integrating Law, Technology and Design: Teaching Data Protection & Privacy Law in a Digital Age	Mark Fenwick; Marcelo Corrales Compagnucci; Helena Haapio; Erik P. M. Vermeulen	In this paper, we identified five fundamental principles for developing data protection law courses in today’s digital age. The paper outlines the broader context of the transformation of legal education in a digital age; describes the importance of integrating legal-thinking and design-thinking with a deeper understanding of the underlying technologies and user-interfaces; and introduces the main features of a new approach to teaching data protection and privacy. ; ; The main argument of the paper is to suggest that the data protection lawyer of the future will become a key intermediary of innovation – or a ‘transaction engineer’ – who helps facilitate and coordinate new forms of business and other social relationships; contributes to harnessing the benefits of disruptive technologies, automation and digital connectivity to build next generation legal services; and contributes to the development of a legally compliant and socially responsible technological infrastructure.; ; To perform this function effectively, however, data protection professionals need to develop a new mindset, along with several new skills and capacities, including a better understanding of the technological architecture of a post-digital transformation world, as well as the power and importance of legal design.; ; Crucially, this means re-visiting the law school curriculum and legal education, more generally. From a pedagogical perspective, we propose a task-oriented, “sandbox”, and “gamified” approach to data protection law that delivers a more meaningful student experience in which students are given the space to experiment via engagement with timely and practical problems.
Knowing me knowing you: Understanding user involvement in the design process	Shane Carthy; Kathryn Cormican; Suzana Cândido de Barros Sampaio	Abstract Design thinking is an emerging concept gaining much traction in practice and more recently in academic debate. While prior work has examined the characteristics and processes of design thinking, there is an absence of studies that attempt to measure the extent of its use and effectiveness in industry. This paper reports on the preliminary results of a study targeted at designers operating in dynamic project environments. The aim of this exploratory research is to identify who designers collaborate with, the extent to which users are involved in the design process in practice and the perceived importance of understanding the emotional needs of the user. The study also sought to ascertain whether user interaction is associated with performance. To do this, data was collected from 131 experienced designers in Ireland. Initial findings from this analysis are presented and discussed. This study answers calls for further work in a neglected but essential area and helps to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
Business practices of highly innovative Japanese firms	C. Brooke Dobni; Grant Alexander Wilson; Mark Klassen	Abstract Highly innovative firms are more competitive and achieve greater performance than their less innovative counterparts. Innovation orientation has been commonly used to assess an organization's innovative culture. To date, most innovation orientation research has explored its relationship with performance. However, the literature is unclear as to what innovative companies do differently to achieve superior performance. This study advances innovation orientation research by examining differing business practices of high versus low innovative Japanese firms. The various business practices include culture management, open innovation, analytics, innovation management software, crowdsourcing, design thinking, measuring innovation, stage-gate, and scientific discovery. Using data from 261 Japanese firms, this study finds that high innovators, as compared to low innovators, are more likely to engage in many of these business practices. Until this study, some of these business practices were not empirically shown to be correlated with high innovators, much less explored in the same study. This paper also offers a stepwise approach for executives seeking to enhance competitiveness via innovation. Specifically, executives should first look to creating an innovation orientation and subsequently implement such business practices.
Design Thinking For Libraries: A Deep Knowledge of User and Their Problems	Shanti P. Chaudhari
Severe plastic deformation of tubular materials – Process methodology and its influence on mechanical properties – A review	N. Sadasivan; M. Balasubramanian	Abstract Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) processes bring about phenomenal grain refinement, by imparting plastic strain onto the materials being processed, owing to which significant improvements in mechanical properties are brought about. While plenty of processes exist for processing bulk materials, the direct utilization of such materials is very limited. Tubular materials buy enlarge are some of the most widely used form of industrial products and this work reviews the SPD techniques that are available for processing tubular materials. Considering the extent to which tubular materials are used, the lack of wide range of SPD techniques to process them is very unfortunate. A systematic review of process methodology of these SPD techniques which process tubular materials and the impact of such processing on mechanical properties of the materials is made. The review is aimed at providing the readers with a design thinking that would enable the readers to adopt the SPD techniques that they are familiar with into something that would process tubular materials. SPD processed tubes, with strengthened walls, of course could have a reduced thickness amounting to materials savings. Such savings would not only result in cost savings but also would lead to sustainability.
Microprocessor and Real-Time Task Processing System Application in University Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Platform	Lijun Bai; Chuanchao Wang; Lili Zhang	Abstract Entrepreneurship has always been centered on predicting the future, and it has been seen from a corporate management perspective. The world within it is seen as linear teaching of known inputs and outputs. In the entrepreneurial world, a very uncertain environment is usually completely different and requires a skillset type. This article describes how entrepreneurial learning is a concept, and curriculum is developed, designed and designed through a methodology and design-based approach. Some people believe that design ideas and methods can be achieved from the “traverse” learning methods in this work. This kind of learning emphasizes the role of more skills and thoughts and focuses on entrepreneurship. This learning method is student-centric and focuses on better skills for entrepreneurs. It also think that entrepreneurship is not linear, so it is an unstructured process that is a discovery structure centered on creativity. Design philosophy emphasizes a practical way to get students out of the classroom. This is important in combination with real-world experimentation in reflex exercises where users and customers provide real-time feedback. This article emphasizes approaching the “tongs” perspective that can be achieved through entrepreneurial education and design thinking. This is reasonably clarified and shown with models. This accepts that strategies for investigating instructive business are helpful, and configuration thinking can be an important apparatus and technique for educating business ventures.
BGL Group: Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy	Christopher P. Holland	This research presents a detailed case analysis of BGL Group, a leading, international, distributor of insurance and household financial services. The AI strategy is described by analysing and evaluating a set of AI applications covering a variety of business areas: 1. Machine learning for pricing; 2. Chatbot AI technology to improve the customer experience in e-service; 3. Customer experience design thinking and a/b testing in new product development; 4. Voice recognition and Natural Language Processing (NLP) in call centre operations; 5. AI techniques for market segmentation. Each application is described in detail, and the concept of value creation in service markets is illustrated using data flow diagrams of customer interactions for different stages of the customer journey. A benefits matrix model is proposed that captures the principal AI benefits to both the supplier and the customer. The case discussion uses a new model, an AI systems map, to describe and explain the overall landscape of current AI applications, traditional Management Information Systems (MIS) and possible future application areas based on broad AI strategies and cognitive AI/thinking machines. Some concluding remarks are made on the importance of a digital first culture, up-to-date digital infrastructure and technology partnerships for successful implementation of AI systems, the crucial role of big data in AI strategies, and the growing importance of AI ethics in business applications. Finally, some propositions are offered regarding the future direction of AI in insurance markets.
Towards A Responsible Entrepreneurship Education and the Future of the Workforce	Paul Agu Igwe; Ugochukwu Chinonso Okolie; Chioma Vivienne Nwokoro	Highlights; • PRME provides a Compass for universities to embed responsible education.; • Limited information is available on the stream of African Entrepreneurship education.; • Many universities are ill-equipped to develop adequate skills required for the modern job market.; • This study is based on the Curricular, Co-curricular and Extra-curricular Learning Pipeline Model.; ; Abstract; ; This article explores how entrepreneurship education (EE) could be adopted towards improving graduate’s skills and preparing the future workforce. It adopts interviews with 30 experienced higher education academics, executives of employment and work placement agencies in Nigeria that reveals substantial benefits of adopting entrepreneurial pedagogics, critical thinking and problem-based learning (PBL). The critical question is how can EE practices be utilised in higher education to improve future workforce? Linked to the UN Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME), this study is based on the model of curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular learning pipeline that focuses on ‘learning in the curriculum’ and ‘learning beyond the curriculum’. The model somehow links to the six domains that formed our analytical model – knowledge and cognitive learning, innovation in teaching pedagogy, change in thinking, change in attitudes, social learning and change in action.
Design Thinking for Social Innovation: A Systematic Literature Review & Future Research Directions	Fahad Syed; Sana Hafeez Shah; Zenab Waseem; Adeel Tariq